In the realm of modern industrial electronics, power module circuit cards play a pivotal role in managing and distributing electrical energy with precision and stability. These printed circuit boards (PCBs) are engineered to withstand high current loads, manage thermal stress, and ensure consistent power delivery across complex systems. Whether integrated into industrial motor drives, renewable…
Skin Effect on ECM PCB Copying At high frequencies, also consider Skin Effect on ECM PCB Copying, where inductive effects cause currents to flow only in the outer surface of conductors. Note that this is in contrast to the earlier discussions of this section on dc resistance of conductors. The skin effect has the consequence…
A Circuit Attack Counter PCB is a specialized printed circuit board designed to protect sensitive electronics—particularly microcontrollers, memory chips, and secure logic circuits—from various forms of physical and side-channel attacks. These attacks may include glitching, fault injection, power analysis, timing attacks, electromagnetic (EM) analysis, or even invasive tampering. The purpose of the Circuit Attack Counter…
Fuel Cut Defencer PCB Card Cloning has become a topic of growing interest within the automotive tuning and motorsport industries. A Fuel Cut Defencer (FCD) is a specialized electronic circuit board (PCB) designed to modify or extend the factory fuel cut-off settings in a vehicle’s engine control unit (ECU). This allows for higher boost levels…
In many industrial and scientific applications, thermocouple interface circuit boards play a critical role in accurately measuring temperature under harsh and dynamic conditions. These printed circuit boards (PCBs) are specifically designed to amplify, filter, and condition the delicate signals generated by thermocouples, ensuring precise data acquisition and control. As technology evolves, the demand for thermocouple…
Stray Capacitance in Throttle Controller PCB Board Design When two conductors aren’t short-circuited together, or totally screened from each other by a conducting (Faraday) screen, there is a capacitance between them. So, on any Throttle Controller PCB Board design, there will be a large number of capacitors associated with any circuit (which may or may…
Inductance in Diesel Staging Limiter Circuit Board Design Although Inductance in Diesel Staging Limiter Circuit Board Design is one of the fundamental properties of an electronic circuit board, inductors are far less common as components than are resistors and capacitors. As for precision components, they are even more rare. This is because they are harder…
Reduce Inductive Coupling From Diesel Ford Injection Control Module PCB Design As with most other noise sources, as soon as we define the working principle, we can see ways of Reduce Inductive Coupling From Diesel Ford Injection Control Module PCB Design. In this case, reducing any or all of the terms in the equations in…
Mutual Inductance in Diesel Power Module PCB Card Design Another consideration regarding Mutual Inductance in Diesel Power Module PCB Card Design is the separation of outward and return currents. As we shall discuss in more detail later, Kirchoff’s Law tells us that current flows in closed paths—there is always an outward and return path. The…
Stray Inductance on Auto Meter Pro-Controller Circuit Board Layout All conductors are inductive, and at high frequencies, the Stray Inductance on Auto Meter Pro-Controller Circuit Board Layout of even quite short pieces of wire or printed circuit traces may be important. The inductance of a straight wire of length L mm and circular cross-section with…